Kinesiology term derived from Greek word
“KINEIN” and “LOGOS” .Kinein means To Move logos means study or knowledge
.which means the study or knowledge of motion.
Applied kinesiology
Is the study of muscle and the relationship of muscle strength to health .It
incorporates a system of manual muscle testing and therapy.
• Applied kinesiology restore postural balance, correct gait (walking) impairment and improve range of motion .
• Applied kinesiology achieve normal endocrine, immune ,digestive and other internal organ funtion.
Is the study of muscle and the relationship of muscle strength to health .It
incorporates a system of manual muscle testing and therapy.
• Applied kinesiology restore postural balance, correct gait (walking) impairment and improve range of motion .
• Applied kinesiology achieve normal endocrine, immune ,digestive and other internal organ funtion.
Origin of sports Biomechanics
Mechanical aspect of kinesiology
Bio Physics
Mechanics
Bio Mechanics
Sports biomechanics
Sports Biomechanics
The Term “Biomechanics” is a combination of two words “Bio” and “Mechanics”. Bio means Living being/things. Mechanics means the field of Physics and the force that act on bodies in motion.
According to R .Bartlett “The study and analysis of human movement patterns in sports is called Sports biomechanics. Meaning of Biomechanics It was realized after 1 950 that the mechanical principles involving on the human body is entirely different from other things. So, during the early 1 970s the international community adopted the terms Biomechanics to describe the application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms. Biomechanics is the combination of two words- bio and mechanics. Bio means, something pertaining to living beings or life, whereas Mechanics is the branch of physics which studies movement or motion of an object or body with the help of mechanical
principles. Thus, when the study of mechanics is limited to living structures and their
function, especially the human body, it is called biomechanics. Within “mechanics”
there are two sub-fields of study. One is statics which is the study of systems that
are in a state of constant motion either at rest (with no motion) or moving with a
constant velocity; and the second one is dynamics, which is the study of systems in
motion in which acceleration is present, which may involve kinematics and kinetics.
Kinematics is the study of the motion of bodies with respect to time, displacement,
velocity, and speed of movement either in a straight line or in a rotary direction.
Whereas, Kinetics is the study of the forces associated with motion, including forces
causing motion and forces resulting from motion.
function, especially the human body, it is called biomechanics. Within “mechanics”
there are two sub-fields of study. One is statics which is the study of systems that
are in a state of constant motion either at rest (with no motion) or moving with a
constant velocity; and the second one is dynamics, which is the study of systems in
motion in which acceleration is present, which may involve kinematics and kinetics.
Kinematics is the study of the motion of bodies with respect to time, displacement,
velocity, and speed of movement either in a straight line or in a rotary direction.
Whereas, Kinetics is the study of the forces associated with motion, including forces
causing motion and forces resulting from motion.
Meaning of Sports Biomechanics
Sports biomechanics is a quantitative based study and analysis of professional
athletes/sportspersons and sports activities in general. In simple terms, it may be
described as the physics of sports. In this subfield of biomechanics, the laws of
mechanics are applied to sporting events through mathematical modelling,
computer simulation and measurement in order to gain a greater understanding of athletic or sporting performance. Mechanics is a branch of physics that is
concerned with the description of motion/movement and how forces create
motion/movement. Biomechanics in sport incorporates detailed analysis of sport
movements in order to minimize the risk of injury and improve sports performance. Sport as well as exercise biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with the analysis of the mechanics of human movement. It refers to the description, detailed analysis and assessment of human movement during sport activities. In other words, sport biomechanics is the science of explaining how and why the human body moves in the way that it does. In sport and exercise that definition is often extended to also consider the interaction between the performer and her/his equipment and environment.
athletes/sportspersons and sports activities in general. In simple terms, it may be
described as the physics of sports. In this subfield of biomechanics, the laws of
mechanics are applied to sporting events through mathematical modelling,
computer simulation and measurement in order to gain a greater understanding of athletic or sporting performance. Mechanics is a branch of physics that is
concerned with the description of motion/movement and how forces create
motion/movement. Biomechanics in sport incorporates detailed analysis of sport
movements in order to minimize the risk of injury and improve sports performance. Sport as well as exercise biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with the analysis of the mechanics of human movement. It refers to the description, detailed analysis and assessment of human movement during sport activities. In other words, sport biomechanics is the science of explaining how and why the human body moves in the way that it does. In sport and exercise that definition is often extended to also consider the interaction between the performer and her/his equipment and environment.
Definitions of Sports Biomechanics
“The area of study between wherein knowledge and methods of mechanics are
applied to the structure and function of the living human system.”
“The area of study where the knowledge and methods of mechanics are applied to
the structure and function of the living human system.”
“Biomechanics is the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting
on a human body and the effects produced by these forces”. Importance of Biomechanics in Sports Sports biomechanics is limited to the study those individuals who are involved in exercise or sports or any physical activity.
Sports biomechanics can be defined as the study of forces and their effect on
individuals while he/she is exercising or taking part in any sporting activity. The
following are some of the areas where biomechanics is applied, to either support
the performance of athletes or solve issues in sport or exercise.
“The area of study between wherein knowledge and methods of mechanics are
applied to the structure and function of the living human system.”
“The area of study where the knowledge and methods of mechanics are applied to
the structure and function of the living human system.”
“Biomechanics is the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting
on a human body and the effects produced by these forces”. Importance of Biomechanics in Sports Sports biomechanics is limited to the study those individuals who are involved in exercise or sports or any physical activity.
Sports biomechanics can be defined as the study of forces and their effect on
individuals while he/she is exercising or taking part in any sporting activity. The
following are some of the areas where biomechanics is applied, to either support
the performance of athletes or solve issues in sport or exercise.
Performance Enhancement,
Technique Improvement,
Equipment Improvement,
Training Improvement, and
Injury prevention and rehabilitation.
Performance Enhancement:
The ultimate goal of sports biomechanics is improvement of sports performance or
improvement in the benefits of exercising. Understanding biomechanics and
applying the mechanical principles helps improve an individual’s technique and
enhance performance by utilizing the equipment he/she uses more effectively and by modifying the specific training method. By studying how the human body moves, we can remove stress and pressure on the bones, joints, muscles and ligaments. This results in improved athletic performance.
The ultimate goal of sports biomechanics is improvement of sports performance or
improvement in the benefits of exercising. Understanding biomechanics and
applying the mechanical principles helps improve an individual’s technique and
enhance performance by utilizing the equipment he/she uses more effectively and by modifying the specific training method. By studying how the human body moves, we can remove stress and pressure on the bones, joints, muscles and ligaments. This results in improved athletic performance.
Improvement of Technique:
A sportsperson’s performance can be improved by improving her/his technique. The application of biomechanical principles can be applied to improve technique in two ways. First, the coaches may use their knowledge of biomechanics to rectify the errors made by the sportsperson in order to improve the execution of a skill. Second,
the sportsperson may discover a new and more effective technique for executing a
sports skill.
A sportsperson’s performance can be improved by improving her/his technique. The application of biomechanical principles can be applied to improve technique in two ways. First, the coaches may use their knowledge of biomechanics to rectify the errors made by the sportsperson in order to improve the execution of a skill. Second,
the sportsperson may discover a new and more effective technique for executing a
sports skill.
Improvement of Equipment:
How else can biomechanics contribute to performance improvement? What about
improved designs for the equipment used in various sports? Shoes and apparel
(sports cloth) constitute the equipment used in almost every sport. The equipment
worn may have an effect on the performance, either directly or through injury prevention. Besides shoes and apparel, many sports require the use of some sort of tools. Think of sports in which an implement is used in your institution. How have changes in sports implements changed performances in these sports? What about bicycling, swimming, tennis, golf, hockey, high jump, javelin throw, soccer, basketball, etc. Lighter and better-designed implements have not only contributed to improved
performances by elite athletes in these sports, they have contributed to improved
performances by recreational participants as well.
How else can biomechanics contribute to performance improvement? What about
improved designs for the equipment used in various sports? Shoes and apparel
(sports cloth) constitute the equipment used in almost every sport. The equipment
worn may have an effect on the performance, either directly or through injury prevention. Besides shoes and apparel, many sports require the use of some sort of tools. Think of sports in which an implement is used in your institution. How have changes in sports implements changed performances in these sports? What about bicycling, swimming, tennis, golf, hockey, high jump, javelin throw, soccer, basketball, etc. Lighter and better-designed implements have not only contributed to improved
performances by elite athletes in these sports, they have contributed to improved
performances by recreational participants as well.
Improvement in Training:
Biomechanics helps improve a sportsperson’s performance by offering customised modifications in training to suit an individual’s capacity and skills. This can occur in several ways. An analysis of the deficiencies of an athlete’s technique can assist the coach in identifying the type of training the athlete requires to improve performance.The athlete’s performance, for example, may be limited by the strength or endurance
of certain muscle groups, by speed of movement, or by one specific aspect of
his/her technique. For example, if a gymnast has difficulty in turning a somersault,
the coach could recommend she/he (a) jumps higher, (b) flings arms with more
energy before taking off, or (c) curls up more tightly in order to execute the
somersault correctly. All these recommendations are based on the principles of
biomechanics. Sport events that saw substantial changes in technique in the past
include javelin, high jump, and cross-country skiing.
Biomechanics helps improve a sportsperson’s performance by offering customised modifications in training to suit an individual’s capacity and skills. This can occur in several ways. An analysis of the deficiencies of an athlete’s technique can assist the coach in identifying the type of training the athlete requires to improve performance.The athlete’s performance, for example, may be limited by the strength or endurance
of certain muscle groups, by speed of movement, or by one specific aspect of
his/her technique. For example, if a gymnast has difficulty in turning a somersault,
the coach could recommend she/he (a) jumps higher, (b) flings arms with more
energy before taking off, or (c) curls up more tightly in order to execute the
somersault correctly. All these recommendations are based on the principles of
biomechanics. Sport events that saw substantial changes in technique in the past
include javelin, high jump, and cross-country skiing.
Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation:
Injuries are fairly common on the sports field. However, a good knowledge of
biomechanics helps in preventing injury in various ways. For example, analysis of
the runner’s style of running, her/his arm swing, foot strike, even trunk leaning will
determine the cause of injury. In fact, just as biomechanics is useful in identifying
what forces may have caused an injury, it also helps determine how to prevent the
injury from reoccurring. It also helps in the process of rehabilitation of injuries, and
helping determine the exercises that may help in the process of rehabilitation of
injury. Biomechanics is used to provide the basis for changes in techniques,
equipment and training to prevent injuries.
biomechanics helps in preventing injury in various ways. For example, analysis of
the runner’s style of running, her/his arm swing, foot strike, even trunk leaning will
determine the cause of injury. In fact, just as biomechanics is useful in identifying
what forces may have caused an injury, it also helps determine how to prevent the
injury from reoccurring. It also helps in the process of rehabilitation of injuries, and
helping determine the exercises that may help in the process of rehabilitation of
injury. Biomechanics is used to provide the basis for changes in techniques,
equipment and training to prevent injuries.
Facilitates in Understanding of Human Body:
Biomechanics helps in understanding the complete human body. Knowledge of
biomechanics provides the teachers and learners with a better understanding of the
human body and various internal and external forces that affect movement.
Teachers and Coaches come to know about the various systems such as nervous
system, muscular system, skeletal system etc., and their mutual interactions. This
knowledge in turn enables them to be better teachers/instructors of many physical
activities and skills encompassed within physical education.
Biomechanics helps in understanding the complete human body. Knowledge of
biomechanics provides the teachers and learners with a better understanding of the
human body and various internal and external forces that affect movement.
Teachers and Coaches come to know about the various systems such as nervous
system, muscular system, skeletal system etc., and their mutual interactions. This
knowledge in turn enables them to be better teachers/instructors of many physical
activities and skills encompassed within physical education.
Centre of gravity
Centre of gravity can be defined as the point in a body or system around which its
mass or weight is evenly distributed or balanced and through which the force of
gravity act. centre of mass is the point in a Body at which the entire mass may be
assumed to be concentrated.
• The Centre of gravity of the human body is determined by the location of its
determined by the location of its limbs at any given time.
When standing in the anatomical position ,the height of our centre of gravity is,
--
• 55% of our standing height for women
• 57%of our standing height for men
Line of gravity
• According to “Krause” and “Braham” The line of gravity is an imaginary
vertical line passing through the centre of gravity of the object which is also
called the line of action or the force of “Gravity”.
• Line of Gravity is important when determining the stability of an object.
• When the line of gravity intersects at centre point it is called centre of gravity
of that body.
• The direction of gravity is commonly referred to the line of gravity The
direction is always vertically downward towards the centre of the earth.
Plane
A plane is an imaginary surface through movement takes place. There are three
planes of motion that pass through the human body.
Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse (horizontal) plane
mass or weight is evenly distributed or balanced and through which the force of
gravity act. centre of mass is the point in a Body at which the entire mass may be
assumed to be concentrated.
• The Centre of gravity of the human body is determined by the location of its
determined by the location of its limbs at any given time.
When standing in the anatomical position ,the height of our centre of gravity is,
--
• 55% of our standing height for women
• 57%of our standing height for men
Line of gravity
• According to “Krause” and “Braham” The line of gravity is an imaginary
vertical line passing through the centre of gravity of the object which is also
called the line of action or the force of “Gravity”.
• Line of Gravity is important when determining the stability of an object.
• When the line of gravity intersects at centre point it is called centre of gravity
of that body.
• The direction of gravity is commonly referred to the line of gravity The
direction is always vertically downward towards the centre of the earth.
Plane
A plane is an imaginary surface through movement takes place. There are three
planes of motion that pass through the human body.
Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Sagittal Plane: The sagittal plane is an imaginary vertical surface which divides the
body into right and left parts or sections. Flexion and extension types of movement
occur in this plane, eg., kicking a football, chest pass in netball/basketball, walking,
jumping, squatting.
Frontal Plane: The frontal plane is also an imaginary vertical surface which divides
the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts or sections. Frontal plane is
also known as Coronal plane. Abduction and adduction movements occur in this
plane, eg., jumping jack exercises, raising and lowering arms and legs sideways,
cartwheel.
Transverse Plane: The transverse plane is an imaginary horizontal surface which
divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts or sections. Rotation
types of movement occur in this plane, eg., hip rotation in a golf swing, twisting in a
discus throw, pivoting in netball/basketball, spinning in skating.
body into right and left parts or sections. Flexion and extension types of movement
occur in this plane, eg., kicking a football, chest pass in netball/basketball, walking,
jumping, squatting.
Frontal Plane: The frontal plane is also an imaginary vertical surface which divides
the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts or sections. Frontal plane is
also known as Coronal plane. Abduction and adduction movements occur in this
plane, eg., jumping jack exercises, raising and lowering arms and legs sideways,
cartwheel.
Transverse Plane: The transverse plane is an imaginary horizontal surface which
divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts or sections. Rotation
types of movement occur in this plane, eg., hip rotation in a golf swing, twisting in a
discus throw, pivoting in netball/basketball, spinning in skating.
Axis
An axis is an imaginary straight line around which an object/parts of human body
rotates. Movement at a joint takes place in a plane about an axis. There are three
axes of rotation.
Sagittal axis
Frontal axis
Vertical axis
rotates. Movement at a joint takes place in a plane about an axis. There are three
axes of rotation.
Sagittal axis
Frontal axis
Vertical axis
Sagittal Axis: The sagittal axis also known as anteroposterior axis or dorsoventral
axis. It is an imaginary line which passes horizontally from back (posterior) to front
(anterior) through the centre of the body. It is formed by the intersection of the
sagittal and transverse planes. eg., when a person performs a cartwheel they are
rotating about the sagittal axis.
axis. It is an imaginary line which passes horizontally from back (posterior) to front
(anterior) through the centre of the body. It is formed by the intersection of the
sagittal and transverse planes. eg., when a person performs a cartwheel they are
rotating about the sagittal axis.
Frontal Axis: It is also known as Horizontal axis or Left-right axis. The frontal axis is
an imaginary line which passes horizontally from left to right through the centre of
the body. It is formed by the intersection of the frontal and transverse planes. eg.,
when a person performs a somersault they rotate around this axis.
an imaginary line which passes horizontally from left to right through the centre of
the body. It is formed by the intersection of the frontal and transverse planes. eg.,
when a person performs a somersault they rotate around this axis.
Vertical Axis: The vertical axis is also knowns as Longitudinal axis or Craniocaudal
axis. This axis is an imaginary line which passes vertically from bottom (inferior) to
top (superior) through the centre of the body. It is formed by the intersection of the
sagittal and frontal planes. eg., when a skater performs a spin they are rotating
around the vertical axis.
axis. This axis is an imaginary line which passes vertically from bottom (inferior) to
top (superior) through the centre of the body. It is formed by the intersection of the
sagittal and frontal planes. eg., when a skater performs a spin they are rotating
around the vertical axis.
Tick the correct options:
1 . The term ‘biomechanics’ to describe the application of mechanical principles in
the study of living organism was adopted in
(a) Early 1 970s
(b) late 1 970s
(c) 1 970
(d) Early 1 980s
2. The field where the study of forces is in focus is known as
(a) Dynamics
(b) Kinematics
(c) Statics
(d) Kinetics
3. Sports biomechanics cab be described as-
(a) Mechanics of sports
(b) Kinesiology
(c) Physics of sports
(d) Sports dynamics
4. The plane which divides the body into a left and a right is called
(a) Coronal plane
(b) Sagittal plane
(c) Vertical plane
(d) Transvers plane
1 . The term ‘biomechanics’ to describe the application of mechanical principles in
the study of living organism was adopted in
(a) Early 1 970s
(b) late 1 970s
(c) 1 970
(d) Early 1 980s
2. The field where the study of forces is in focus is known as
(a) Dynamics
(b) Kinematics
(c) Statics
(d) Kinetics
3. Sports biomechanics cab be described as-
(a) Mechanics of sports
(b) Kinesiology
(c) Physics of sports
(d) Sports dynamics
4. The plane which divides the body into a left and a right is called
(a) Coronal plane
(b) Sagittal plane
(c) Vertical plane
(d) Transvers plane
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