SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS TRAINING

 

MECC-301: SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS TRAINING :

Unit -1

1.1 Meaning and definition of sports training and sports coaching.
                                    যে সংগঠিত এবং প্রণালীবদ্ধ শিক্ষামূলক প্রক্রিয়ার দ্বারা কোন ব্যক্তির শারীরিক মনস্তাত্ত্বিক এবং বৌদ্ধিক বিষয়সমূহের সাথে সম্পর্কিত সক্ষমতার উন্নতি ঘটানো যায় তাকে বলে প্রশিক্ষণ(training)।

        

Sports training is a special process of preparation of sports persons based on scientific principles aimed at improving and maintaining higher performance capacity in different sports activities. 

Definition :-

“Sports training is a planned and controlled process for achieving a goal, changes in complex
sports, motor performance ability to act and behaviour are made through measures of content,
method of organization”. --- Martin

“Sports training is the basic form of preparation of sportsman”. ---- matwejew

“Sports training is a pedagogical process based on scientific principles aiming at preparation
of sportsman for higher performance in sports competition”. ---- Hardiel Singh

(ক্ক্রিয়া প্রশিক্ষণ হল একপ্রকার শিক্ষামূলক প্রক্রিয়া যা বৈজ্ঞানিক নীতির উপর প্রতিষ্ঠিত এবং যার লক্ষ্য হলো ক্রিয়াপ্রতিযোগিতার উচ্চ দক্ষতা প্রদর্শন এর উদ্দেশ্যে ক্রীড়াবিদদের প্রস্তুত করা।)

Meaning of sports coaching :- 

                                                 Sports coaching can be defined as the process of motivating, guiding and training an individual in preparation for any sporting hobby, career, or event. Most professional sportspeople have coaches to help them train and compete - but you don't have to be a pro to hire a coach.
 

Definition :- 

The organized provision of assistant of a individual athlete / group of athletes to help them develop and improve the performance of their chosen sport.......kent

Coaching may be as the technical skill involve coordination of factors like time,
sequence, action, movement and speed.

1.2. Aim and characteristic of sports training :- The main aim of sports training is to prepare a sportsman for a highest possible performance in a main competition in a particular sports considerded as the aims of sports training -

1. Improvement of physical fitness.
2. Acquisitionof motor skills.
3. Improvement of tactical efficiency.
4. Education and improvement of mental capabilities.
5. Technical Skills improvement.
6. Intellectual Development improvement .

1. Improvement of physical fitness :- The performance in sports generally depends upon the physical fitness of a sportsman, hence the improvement of various components of physical fitness or motor abilities is the prime aim of sports training. Every sports activity needs specific types of physicalfitness but in this view the development of physical fitness should not be ignore because specific fitnessis depends on the general fitness.
2. Acquisition of motor skills :- Every sports activity needs certain movement procedure totackle a particular task which refers to the technique when this techniques is learn and perfect it is calledas skill. When, every sportsmen indulge In technical training aim of which is to acquire skills of particular sports. Technique training is differ from sports to sports if we take the example of gymnastic and driving which requires greater amount of technical
training where as track events needs very less amount of technique to be learnt.
3. Improvement of tactical efficiency :- Tactical training in sports competition helps the sportsmen in such a way where he /she makes the best useof his abilities, skills, an all external factors which are beneficial to attain high level of performance and hinder the opponent to do so. Tactical training includes knowledge of rules, tactical abilities and technical training, therefore improvement of tactical efficiency is considered to be the important aim of sports training.
4. Education and improvement of mental capabilities :- mental abilities are critical for high level performance in any sport. The training aims at development of positive attitude towards sports and competition, dedication and devotion towards particular sport or event, sincerity and honesty, self-confidence and optimum level of aspiration.
Chracterstic of sports training:
Some of the important characteristics of sports training are-
1. Sports Training is Individual-specific : - The needs of every individual for performing in a particular sport are different from those of another. If we take the example of the sprint event, even a small difference in time and speed or distance decides the performance record, victory or defeat. T h e difference depends on individual-specific capabilities. It is, therefore, necessary to identify the individual potential during the training. By identifying their needs, training may be focused at
improving the identified gaps in the abilities of that sports person.

2. To Achieve High Performance in a Sports Competition :-The important feature of sports training is its focus on enabling the sportsperson to achieve the highest possible level of performance in any of the sports competitions. It is a process which is spread over a long period of time.

3. Sports Training is a Scientific Process :- It is highly influenced by the scientific methods, to achieve best result the knowledge from various dimensions of sciences has to be incorporated during the process of training.

4. Coach has an Important Role: - A coach helps in building confidence, boosts morale and acts as a friend and a mentor.Acoach is like a ‘philosopher and mentor’on the sports field.

5. Optimum Development of Sports Persons:- To achieve optimum performance sports training should be planned, systematic and scientific and to achieve same, different means and methods are used. These means and methods are constantly modified and used in different conditions. Sports, training is a continuous process for optimum development and perfection of sports persons.

6. Sports training is an Educational Process:- Sports training is basically an educational process and it develops all the aspects of personality. High performance is not possible without developing the personality because both aspects are inter-related and interdependent of sports training.

7. Sports training is a Process of Development of Hidden Talent :-The training helps in observing and assessing the performance level of the player at any given moment. While doing so the hidden talent in a sportsperson is identified. This talent is systematically nurtured through the required specific training inputs.

1.3 Principle of Sports Training :

It is important to know the basic principles that must be Reflected in sports training. These are

1. Continuity of Training : which is the key to ensure the best outcome in a sports. The training of the sports persons has to be continuous and regular. Hence, too long a break in the training should be avoided and the condition of optimum load should be created.

2. Increasing the Training Load : there is a relationship between the load and adaptation process. Training load should be gradually increased to enable the body, to adapt higher demands progressively.

3. Active Participation : It is a well known fact that a player who is passively engaged in the training does not develop abilities and always remains totally dependent upon the coach or the physical education teacher and never develops confidence or improves performance capabilities. Therefore the teacher/coach must ensure that the sports persons participate in the training with conviction and sincerity.

4. Planned and Systematic Training : To achieve a high level of sports performance in competitions, the training must be well planned and conducted in a systematic manner for better results.

5. General and specific training : Both general and specific training of a sports person are equally important because general training creates the base and specific training helps to achieve high performance. General training needs to general conditioning of the body such as developing strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, agility, balancing, ability in general. General training is done by general exercising for the development of all the muscle group of the body whereas specific training consists of specific exercises with the aim to develop specific strength, specific muscle group and specific motor abilities required for a particular sport.

6. Clarity : with respect to all aspects of the concerned sport and games more importantly, its techniques and tactics for performance enhancement is the key.

7. Cyclicity : The training can be organised in three different cycles: Macro cycle: having duration of 3–12 months; Meso cycle of 3–6 weeks; and Micro cycle of 5–10 days.

8. Ensuring results : Sports training is planned to achieve the expected results in small and major competitions or tournaments.

9. Critical training load: The training load may be increased to meet the higher demands of competition in unforeseen situations. The training load should be managed more than the general load. This critical load should be measured 4–5 times in a year.

10. Adaptability: The adaptability to the training load should be in proper proportion between the load and recovery. Then only a sports person gets adapted to the training load.

1.4 Philosophy of Sports Training and Coaching :
              Philosophy : The term philosophy actually indicates two different aspects which derives from two different words- one is ‘Philos’ means love and another one is ‘Sophia’ means knowledge or wisdom. Philosophy may be defined as the pursuit of wisdom helping to answer fundamental questions about what, why and how, describes a process or method. Each and every individual are different in perspective of their thoughts, observations, values and beliefs in searching of those fundamental questions. 

According to the Greek Philosophers there is five types of philosophy : 

• Metaphysics

• Physics

• Logic

• Ethics

• Aesthetics

Philosophy actually classified into three categories :

Philosophy of Sport : Philosophy of sport is an area of that seeks to conceptually analyze issues of sport as human activity. A philosophical perspective on sports incorporates its metaphysical relationship with art and play, ethical issues of virtue and fairness. Important questions in philosophy of sports are concerned with the social virtues of sports, the aesthetics of sporting performance and display, the epistemology of individual and team strategy techniques, sporting ethics, the logic of rules in sports, metaphysics in sport as a component of human nature or instinct etc.

Ethical issues in philosophy of sports predominantly centre on athlete behaviour in relation to rules of the games, other athletes and spectators, external factors such as socio-economic issues among and communities and issues of doping ( focus on the ethics of medical intervention of athletic performance: what is acceptable vs what is not and how boundaries can be drawn ).

Philosophy of Training : We train to win – but philosophy of training is more than that. We dedicate ourselves to motivate athletes to not only excel as athletes, but to realise their personal potentials and develop the skills that they will need to succeed in life; skills such as discipline, confidence, preparation, self motivation and leadership.

Philosophy of training should be – train for success. The following aspects need to follow up by the coach to achieve the objective of philosophy of training as he/she is mainly responsible to make the training programme success and to increase athlete’s athletic performance :

• Athlete in focus

• Understanding of individual needs

• Consideration and mutual respect

• Coaching the athlete to utilize their full potential 

• Preventing sport-related injury

• Support and dedication

• Responsibilities towards training

So on the basis of the above discussion, Philosophy of Sports Training may be defined as the implementation of a comprehensive training system in a systematic order to maximize potential and ensure the optimal sports performance along with the behavioural changes of the athletes through the improvement of their personality, attitude towards sports, values and sporting ethics.

Philosophy of Coaching : A coaching philosophy indicates that what your value is and how you will approach your coaching role. It covers your purpose as a coach and how you will approach player development and winning. Your coaching philosophy consists of your major objectives and the beliefs and principles that you adhere to in order to achieve your objectives.

Your coaching philosophy guides how you behave as a coach and how you interact with your athletes. It should reflect who you are and who you want to be. It is based on your experiences, knowledge, values, opinions and beliefs. 

As a coach, you need to be clear on where you are heading and how you will get there. Your coaching philosophy forms some guiding principles that help you to identify where you want to go and what methods you will use to get there. This will impact on how you design and deliver training sessions for the development of your athletes.

By having a clear philosophy you are able to make appropriate decisions and to coach more effectively. A clear coaching philosophy will remove uncertainty around areas such as team rules, style of play, player discipline, competition and your long-term objectives. . It helps you to make effective, consistent decisions, and to coach in a way that adheres to your values.

Whatever coaching style you adopt or follow that influences directly and indirectly to set your coaching philosophy. Because it reflects the coaches value framework. There is different type of recognised coaching styles. Although some even use their own approach or mode.

Autocratic Coaching: In this approach, the coach decides what to do, when to do and how to do it. Here, coaching behaviour shows an independent decision maker. There is no scope of any involvement of team regarding goal setting and decision making.

Democratic Coaching: This method gives the team freedom and accountability. In this model of coaching, coach allows the teammates or athletes in decision making, goals, practice, game strategies and tactics which reflects that the team work together and explore solutions as a whole.

Holistic/ Humanistic Coaching: It is a person centred philosophy or ideology that focusing on athlete’s personal growth and towards achieve personal goals through an active engagement.  In this approach the relationship between the athlete and coach should start as a more directive relationship, gradually sharing relationship and eventually, independence for the athlete.

To develop a successful philosophy, you need to know own strengths and weaknesses. You should also need to recognise your values and beliefs or principles. There are some consistent principles that go into creating your own coaching philosophy: